Current status on independent school health department in the centers for disease control and prevention across China / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To understand the current status of main professional work in independent school health departments of Chinese centers for disease control and prevention, so as to provide reference and suggestions for the further development of school health work in China.@*Methods@#Electronic questionnaire was used to collect the basic work of school health, the monitoring work, the intervention action of common diseases and the development of health intervention among students in independent school health departments of centers for disease control and prevention in China.@*Results@#Among the 357 institutions that have set up independent school health departments, the implementation rates of school mental health work, safety emergency and risk avoidance health intervention were low, which were 11.8% and 11.5%, respectively. Relying on the project "national monitoring and intervention of common diseases and health influencing factors of students", the overall implementation of health monitoring in schools nationwide was successful, but the overall implementation rate of students nutritional status monitoring and "healthy parents action" were low, accounting for 44.5% and 24.4%, respectively. At the same time, there were still as many as 27.2% institutions that had not carried out the intervention action for common diseases of students which advocated in the monitoring program. The failure rate of county level institutions was higher than that of provincial level and prefecture level institutions, and the failure rate of the central and western institutions was much higher than that of the eastern institutions; the difference was statistically significant( χ 2=30.1, 41.6, P <0.05).@*Conclusion@#We should increase support including policy preference, fund guarantee, technical guidance and so on for the school health work of disease control institutions at the grass roots level and in economically underdeveloped areas, so as to ensure the healthy growth of children and adolescents in all respects.

Emerging roles of telemedicine in dementia treatment and care / Papéis emergentes da telemedicina no tratamento e cuidado da demência

ABSTRACT. Dementia is a neurological disorder that affects memory, thinking, orientation, and other important functions of the brain; telemedicine is a part of the healthcare delivery system involving diagnosis and consultation over telecommunications devices such as mobile phones and computers. In this review, we assessed the impact, accessibility, and possible improvements in telemedicine in dementia treatment. Regarding the use of telemedicine in the treatment, we evaluated its impact on the management of the disease (i.e., diagnosis and follow-up). We also evaluated studies on the current improvements and accessibility of telemedicine in dementia treatment. The review findings showed that it is effective in diagnosing patients, monitoring their progress during treatment, and providing caregiver support. However, studies have revealed a lack of accessibility and improvement in telemedicine among the elderly, particularly in West African countries. Finally, lasting solutions were provided to address the problems in the review permanently.

RESUMO. A demência é um distúrbio neurológico que afeta a memória, o pensamento, a orientação e outras funções importantes do cérebro, enquanto a telemedicina faz parte do sistema de prestação de cuidados de saúde que envolve diagnóstico e consulta por meio de dispositivos de telecomunicações, como telefones celulares e computadores. Nesta revisão, avaliamos o impacto, a acessibilidade e as possíveis melhorias da telemedicina no tratamento da demência. Ao avaliar o impacto da telemedicina no tratamento da demência, avaliamos também seu impacto no manejo da demência (ou seja, diagnóstico e acompanhamento do tratamento da demência). Também avaliamos estudos sobre as melhorias atuais a acessibilidade da telemedicina no tratamento da demência. Os resultados da revisão mostraram que a telemedicina é eficaz para diagnosticar pacientes, monitorar seu progresso durante o tratamento e fornecer suporte ao cuidador. No entanto, estudos revelaram falta de acessibilidade e melhoria da telemedicina entre os idosos, principalmente nos países da África Ocidental. Finalmente, para resolver o problema, foram fornecidas soluções duradouras para resolver permanentemente os problemas na revisão.

Efficiency in hospital care in Brazilian capitals for the period 2014-2017

Objective: Analyze the level of efficiency of the hospital care in the Brazilian capitals and the Federal District between the years 2014 to 2017. Methods: The investigation method used was the Data Envelopment Analysis to estimate resource the resource efficiency levels. Results: The results indicate that there are differences in the level of efficiency of the state capitals and the Federal District, making it possible to develop the potential of inefficient units, in order to increase technical efficiency in hospital care. Conclusion: Analyzing the use of public resources helps to identify whether resources are being applied efficiently and when not, they signal the need for decision making that is more consistent with the reality of each capital.

Eficiência nos atendimentos hospitalares nas capitais brasileiras no período de 2014-2017 / Efficiency in hospital care in Brazilian capitals for the period 2014-2017

Objetivo: Analisar o nível de eficiência dos atendimentos hospitalares nas capitais estaduais e Distrito Federal entre os anos de 2014 a 2017. Métodos: O método de investigação utilizado foi a Análise Envoltória de Dados para estimar os níveis de eficiência dos recursos. Resultados: Os resultados indicam que ocorrem diferenças no nível de eficiência das capitais estaduais e Distrito Federal, sendo possível desenvolver o potencial das unidades ineficientes, de forma que aumentem a eficiência técnica nos atendimentos hospitalares. Conclusão: Analisar o uso dos recursos públicos contribui para identificar se os recursos estão sendo aplicados de forma eficiente e, quando não, sinaliza para a necessidade de tomada de decisões mais coerentes com a realidade de cada capital.

Objective: Analyze the level of efficiency of the hospital care in the Brazilian capitals and the Federal District between the years 2014 to 2017. Methods: The investigation method used was the Data Envelopment Analysis to estimate resource the resource efficiency levels. Results: The results indicate that there are differences in the level of efficiency of the state capitals and the Federal District, making it possible to develop the potential of inefficient units, in order to increase technical efficiency in hospital care. Conclusion: Analyzing the use of public resources helps to identify whether resources are being applied efficiently and when not, they signal the need for decision making that is more consistent with the reality of each capital.

La falta de perspectiva sanitaria en el sistema de salud chileno / The deficient public health perspective in the Chilean health care system

This reflection aims at strengthening public health teaching for undergraduate students of health care careers. Public health teaching is feeble and incomplete, especially in medical schools. However, this deficiency has not hampered the interest in post graduate training in the area. In health care careers, the academic program is heavily inclined towards clinical skills training and there are few courses devoted to teach and introduce public health concepts early in the training of health care professionals. This shortcoming can be related to some problems observed in the Chilean health care system such as the public/ private dichotomy, the driving importance of the market on health care and the preponderant reliance on hospital rather than primary health care. All these deficiencies in health care contribute to ignore the bio-psychosocial health care model.

Abordajes de violencias de género y de interrupción legal del embarazo en servicios de salud durante el aislamiento por COVID-19 / Approaches to gender-based violence and legal abortion in health services during COVID-19 lockdown

RESUMEN Este estudio buscó indagar cómo los servicios de salud abordan las violencias de género y la interrupción legal del embarazo en contexto de aislamiento social preventivo y obligatorio. Entre mayo y junio de 2020, se realizaron 27 entrevistas telefónicas a profesionales sanitarios e informantes claves de las ciudades argentinas de Córdoba y Resistencia. Se identificaron cambios en la detección, abordaje y demanda vinculados a la reorganización sanitaria, las modificaciones en la relación asistencial y los recursos necesarios para canalizar la demanda. La pandemia ha profundizado los obstáculos de acceso a servicios sanitarios de las mujeres y ha generado otros nuevos. Ante ello, las redes entre profesionales, la práctica sanitaria feminista y los abordajes innovadores fueron identificados como facilitadores de acceso, claves para amortiguar la pandemia y garantizar derechos.

ABSTRACT: This study is interested in analyzing how health services address gender-based violence and legal abortion in a context of mandatory preventive social isolation. Between May and June 2020, 27 telephone interviews were conducted with healthcare professionals and key informants from Córdoba and Resistencia. Changes in detection, methods, and demand were identified, related to the reorganization of the healthcare system, modifications in the care relationship, and the resources needed to respond to demand. The pandemic has deepened barriers to women's access to health services and has added new ones. Networks among healthcare professionals, feminist healthcare practices, and innovative approaches were identified as facilitators of access, which have been central in mitigating the effects of the pandemic and guaranteeing rights.

Nursing and society: Evolution of Nursing and of capitalism in the 200 years of Florence Nightingale / Enfermagem e sociedade: evolução da Enfermagem e do capitalismo nos 200 anos de Florence Nightingale / Enfermería y sociedad: evolución de la Enfermería y el capitalismo en los 200 años de Florence Nightingale

Objective: to analyze the relationships between the development of the Nursing labor and of capitalism over the 200 years of Florence Nightingale. Method: a logical-reflective and theoretical exposition based on interpretations of historical facts and Marxist theories. The analysis categories were the following: the creation and expansion of the Nightingalean Nursing Teaching System; the subsumption of the Nursing labor to capital; imperialism and international health; and the flexibilization of the Nursing labor. Results: the expansion of the Nightingale Teaching System has trained nurses on a global scale. The capitalist system transformed the Nursing labor in the twentieth century, culminating in the twenty-first century with precarious and intense turnover of nurses in their jobs. Conclusion: the Nursing labor, made professional by Nightingale, has assumed in the last 200 years a dialectical relationship with capitalism in which it both determines and is determined by it. New challenges, such as the Industry 4.0 technologies, are constantly imposed on the profession.

Objetivo: analisar as relações entre o desenvolvimento do trabalho assistencial de Enfermagem e do capitalismo ao longo dos 200 anos de Florence Nightingale. Método: exposição lógico-reflexiva e teórica baseada em interpretações de fatos históricos e teorias marxistas. As categorias de análise foram: a criação e a expansão do Sistema Nightingaleano de Ensino de Enfermagem; a subsunção do trabalho assistencial de Enfermagem ao capital; o imperialismo e a saúde internacional; e a flexibilização do trabalho assistencial de Enfermagem. Resultados: a expansão do Sistema Nightingale de ensino formou enfermeiras em escala global. O sistema capitalista transformou o trabalho assistencial de enfermagem no século XX, culminando no século XXI com precarização e rotatividade intensa de enfermeiras em seus postos de trabalho. Conclusão: o trabalho assistencial de Enfermagem, tornado profissional por Nightingale, assumiu nos últimos 200 anos uma relação dialética com o capitalismo em que aquele tanto o determina quanto por este é determinado. Novos desafios, como as tecnologias da Indústria 4.0, impõem-se constantemente à profissão.

Objetivo: analizar la relación entre el desarrollo de la labor asistencial de Enfermería y el capitalismo a lo largo de los 200 años de Florence Nightingale. Método: exposición lógico-reflexiva y teórica basada en interpretaciones de hechos históricos y teorías marxistas. Las categorías de análisis fueron: la creación y expansión del Sistema Nightingaleano de Enseñanza de Enfermería; la subsunción de los cuidados de Enfermería al capital; imperialismo y salud internacional; y flexibilización de la labor asistencial de Enfermería. Resultados: la expansión del Sistema Nightingaleano de Enseñanza capacitó a enfermeras a escala global. El sistema capitalista transformó la labor asistencial de Enfermería en el siglo XX, culminando en el siglo XXI con la precariedad y la intensa rotación de enfermeras en sus puestos de trabajo. Conclusión: la labor asistencial de Enfermería, profesionalizada por Nightingale, ha asumido en los últimos 200 años una relación dialéctica con el capitalismo en la que lo determina y es determinado por él. Nuevos desafíos, como las tecnologías de la Industria 4.0, se imponen constantemente a la profesión.

Regulación de la enfermería en México: actores, procesos y resultados / Regulation of nursing in Mexico: actors, processes and outcomes

Resumen El objetivo de este artículo es analizar la estructura regulatoria de la enfermería en México, a través de la normatividad y los actores involucrados. Se desarrolló un estudio de caso con uso de fuentes de información cualitativa, cuantitativa y revisión de documentación oficial. El análisis integró los datos obtenidos de las fuentes de acuerdo con cuatro dimensiones propuestas por Moran & Wood (1993). La dimensión con mayores avances es el ingreso al mercado ya que el Estado regula el ingreso a través de una licencia de práctica. La regulación de la competencia es débil y muestra áreas aisladas de práctica autónoma. El mercado laboral ofrece condiciones variadas de inserción con muestras claras de deterioro. El mecanismo de pago dominante es el salario de las instituciones públicas mostrando una estructura que incorpora un componente que no cotiza para la pensión al término del ciclo laboral. La regulación de la enfermería es un componente de su profesionalización y como tal se distingue como un proceso en marcha en vías de consolidación, particularmente aquellas dimensiones relacionadas con la regulación de la competencia, la estructura del mercado y los mecanismos de pago en el cual la enfermería y sus representantes deben jugar un papel más activo.

Abstract This paper aims to analyze the regulatory structure of nursing in Mexico through its legislation and perspectives of participant stakeholders. A case study was undertaken using qualitative and quantitative data sources, as well as from the review of official documents. The analysis included data from the sources according to the four realms proposed by the Moran & Wood (1993) model. The more advanced realm was the market entry since the state regulates entry through a license of practice. The regulation of competition is weak, showing very reduced areas of autonomous practice. The labor market is offering a wide variety of entry options with clear signs of deterioration. The dominant payment mechanism is salary, showing a structure that incorporates a component that does not impact on pensions at the end of the labor cycle. The regulation of nursing is a component of its professionalization, and as such, it is understood as a multidimensional consolidating process, particularly realms related to the regulation of competition, market structure, and payment mechanisms, in which nursing representatives should play a more active role in the future.

Healthcare telemonitoring and business dynamics: challenges and opportunities for SUS / Telemonitoramento e a dinâmica empresarial em saúde: desafios e oportunidades para o SUS

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To point out challenges and opportunities for the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS) with the use of telemonitoring to face the increasing costs of non-communicable chronic diseases, based on its general panorama in Brazil, business dynamics and reapplication of data from American studies. METHODS Quali-quantitative approach with exploratory research. The field work focused on the analysis of the national market from private companies, since no experiences or studies related to this theme were identified in the SUS. To analyze the panorama and market dynamics, we investigated the offer of this technology based on the products and services available and their demand by reference hospitals the ten largest private health plan companies. To support the central discussion, we analyzed the reduction of costs with hospital admissions by the SUS due to chronic non-communicable diseases sensitive to telemonitoring (HCDST), using data from Datasus and some American studies from the MEDLINE/PubMed database. RESULTS Although in the embryonic phase, business agents search for new business opportunities, whereas public initiatives for the use of telemonitoring in collective health seem inexistent. The reapplication of U.S. data would reduce spending on HCDST and provide benefits, such as the reduction in emergency room care, acute hospitalizations, readmissions and home care time, among others, which point to even greater economic gains. CONCLUSIONS The development of a major project to reduce HCDST using this technology has the potential to advance in a comprehensive network of primary care, contribute to a greater dynamism of the national productive and innovative base and induce innovations along the chain of this emerging industry.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Apontar desafios e oportunidades para o Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) com o uso do telemonitoramento para enfrentar o aumento crescente dos custos com as doenças crônicas não transmissíveis, a partir do seu panorama geral no Brasil, dinâmica empresarial e reaplicação de dados de estudos americanos. MÉTODOS Este trabalho se enquadra na abordagem quali-quantitativa com pesquisa do tipo exploratória, e o trabalho de campo se concentrou na análise do mercado nacional a partir das empresas privadas, pois não se identificaram experiências ou estudos relacionados a esse tema no SUS. Para análise do panorama e da dinâmica do mercado, investigou-se a oferta a partir dos produtos e serviços disponíveis e a demanda por meio dos hospitais de referência, bem como as dez maiores empresas de planos de saúde privados. Para subsidiar a discussão central deste estudo, analisou-se a redução de custos com as internações hospitalares pelo SUS decorrentes das doenças crônicas não transmissíveis mais impactadas pelo telemonitoramento (IDCST), utilizando-se dados do Datasus e de alguns estudos americanos da base de dados MEDLINE/PubMed. RESULTADOS Embora em fase embrionária, os agentes empresariais se posicionam na busca por novas oportunidades de negócios, enquanto na saúde coletiva não há aparentemente iniciativas públicas para o uso do telemonitoramento. A reaplicação dos dados estadunidenses implicaria uma redução significativa nos gastos com IDCST pelo SUS, sem considerar outros benefícios, tais como a redução nos atendimentos nas salas de emergência, internações agudas, reinternações e tempo de cuidados domiciliares, entre outros, que apontam para ganhos econômicos ainda superiores com o uso do telemonitoramento. CONCLUSÕES O desenvolvimento de um grande projeto para a redução das IDCST a partir dessa tecnologia tem potencial para avançar em uma rede integral de atenção básica, contribuir para uma maior dinamização da base produtiva e inovativa nacional e induzir inovações em toda a cadeia dessa indústria emergente.

A Produção em saúde do IPEA: contribuição à promoção do desenvolvimento socioeconômico brasileiro

A saúde constitui uma importante área de atuação do Ipea, que tem entre as suas finalidades a promoção e a realização de pesquisas e estudos sociais e econômicos, bem como a disseminação do conhecimento resultante, oferecendo à sociedade elementos para o conhecimento, assim como a superação de problemas e desafios do desenvolvimento brasileiro. Na perspectiva da relação entre saúde e desenvolvimento, o objetivo deste texto é analisar as contribuições do Ipea à promoção do desenvolvimento socioeconômico nacional, por meio de sua produção em saúde do período de 1982 a 2018. Realizou-se um estudo bibliométrico descritivo e relacional, a fim de descrever esta produção e de identificar as relações entre os diversos assuntos tratados nos documentos produzidos que são de interesse para as ciências da saúde (saúde humana), com ou sem interfaces com outras áreas do conhecimento. A análise do material mapeado foi feita com o suporte do software Iramuteq (Interface de R pour les Analyses Multidimensionneles de Textes et de Questionnaires), versão 0.7 alpha 2, para tratamento dos dados qualitativos relativos aos descritores de assunto dos documentos. A partir da classificação hierárquica descendente (CHD), que utilizou 349 textos (77,7% do corpus textual), foram obtidas três categorias de assuntos que, em linhas gerais, se referem aos seguintes temas tratados nessa produção: i) financiamento do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), gastos em saúde e regulação governamental; ii) alocação de recursos e gestão em saúde; e iii) desigualdades nos níveis de saúde, no acesso aos serviços de saúde e participação social. Conclui-se que os pesquisadores do instituto têm produzido conhecimento e oferecido informação relevante sobre aspectos relacionados à saúde da população e ao setor saúde que impactam os fatores do desenvolvimento, especialmente no tocante à identificação de problemas e ao acompanhamento, ao monitoramento e à avaliação de políticas e programas públicos. Além disso, também se conclui que é possível potencializar essa contribuição na área da saúde, com a participação mais ativa do seu corpo técnico na elaboração de propostas, na formulação de políticas e no planejamento governamental de médio e longo prazos.

Health is an important area of activity of the Institute of Applied Economic Research (Ipea), whose purpose is to promote and carry out research and social and economic studies, as well as disseminate the resulting knowledge, offering society solutions to the challenges of economic and social Brazilian development. In the perspective of the relation between health and development, the objective of this text is to analyze the contributions of Ipea to the promotion of national socioeconomic development, through its production in health from 1982 to 2018. A descriptive and relational bibliometric study was carried out, in order to describe this production and to identify the relationships between the various subjects treated in the documents produced that are of interest to the Health Sciences (human health), with or without interfaces with other areas of knowledge. The analysis of the mapped material was done with the support of the software Iramuteq (Interface de R pour les Analyses Multidimensionneles de Textes et de Questionnaires), version 0.7 alpha 2, for treatment of the qualitative data related to the document subject descriptors. From the Descending Hierarchical Classification (CHD), which considered 349 texts (77.7% of the textual corpus), three categories of subjects were obtained which, in general terms, refer to the following topics dealt with in this production:: i) financing of Brazilian public health care system (SUS), health expenditures and government regulation; ii) resource allocation and health management; and iii) inequalities in health levels, inequalities in the access to health services, and social participation. It is concluded that the Institute's researchers have produced knowledge and provided relevant information on aspects related to population health and the health sector that impact development factors, especially in identifying problems, monitoring and evaluating public policies and programs. In addition, we conclude that it is possible to enhance this contribution in the health area, with the active participation of its staff in the proposals elaboration, policies formulation and in the medium and long term governmental planning.

Achievement and Future Tasks of Healthcare Industry Globalization Policies / 보건행정학회지

In 1994 Korea government began to develop the healthcare industry, since then the government has tried to create opportunities to promote the industry through various political efforts and policies. The biggest achievement was attracting foreign patients from 2009 to 2016 with a cumulative 1.56 million and total revenue of 3 trillion won. But Korea still loses the opportunity to become a global leader in the health care industry due to regulations and various ideological disputes. Accordingly, it is necessary to facilitate policy understanding and present a practical road map so that Korea's healthcare industry become a new growth engine that will lead the trend of global market in the future. It also suggests a national economic development paradigm, the health economy as health and economic value are rotated through a shift in view of health care. At this point, 20 years after the beginning of the healthcare industry development, it is necessary to evaluate the related policies and discuss effective future directions. In this sense, the purpose of this study is to examine the policies and limitations of the healthcare industry by each government division, and based on it, to propose political tasks for the future.

Practitioner research in the practice and education of healthcare professionals in the netherlands

ABSTRACT Objective: the purpose of this study is to explore the increased attention for practitioner research in the practice of healthcare professionals in the Netherlands and its consequences for the implementation of research in higher professional healthcare education. Method: this study is a reflection based on a literature review. Results: recent developments in the practice of healthcare professionals in the Netherlands have led to the belief that an analytic, inquisitive and reflective capacity is playing an increasingly important role for healthcare professionals to function optimally and to improve clinical practice through innovation. In the Netherlands professionals in healthcare carry out practitioner research projects to construct local knowledge and improve their own professional practice. Increasingly, institutes for higher professional healthcare education have implemented continuous research curricular strands to teach students to conduct practitioner research. Conclusion: practitioner research is seen as an effective professional learning strategy that promotes the use of theory and recognizes practical knowledge and expertise of the healthcare professionals and their patients and clients. Practitioner research should be implemented in practice and education as a distinct form of research. In continuous research curricular strands in higher professional healthcare education students should acquire sufficient research self-efficacy and the experience that practitioner research can enhance professional learning and practice development.

Regionalização da saúde: (in)visibilidade e (i)materialidade da universalidade e integralidade em saúde no trânsito de institucionalidades / Regionalization in healthcare: (in)visibility and (im)materiality of the universal access and comprehensiveness in health in changing institutionalities

Resumo A regionalização é uma estratégia de organização e integração de serviços em sistemas nacionais de saúde, colocando-se como um caminho a ser trilhado para a integralidade e universalidade. No entanto, constitui-se como princípio ainda invisível na sociedade brasileira, problematizando seus modos de gestão nas regiões de saúde, assim como seus efeitos reais na construção do devir da saúde em direito. Este artigo dedica-se a essa problematização e inscreve-se como uma produção a desnaturalizar processos e a possibilitar o aparecimento de acontecimentos postos em invisibilidade e dizibilidade pela "formação discursiva" da regionalização da saúde. Toma como habitação a regionalização da saúde do Ceará em curso desde meados de 1990. A partir de uma abordagem qualitativa, adota em conexão e análise os discursos em entrevistas com 23 gestores estaduais de saúde e narrativas documentais afins ao tema. Busca a constituição do "feixe de relações", articulando sujeitos e instituições em produção de "saber-poder e verdade-poder", segundo referência foucaultiana, e em diálogo com autores da saúde coletiva. A regionalização do Ceará aponta para uma reforma do setor saúde, delegando a gestão e prestação de serviços à Organização Social e aos consórcios, em contratualização procedimental e produtiva, fortalecendo o "empresariamento" da saúde e afetando a produção da integralidade e universalidade. Conclui-se que o estrato constitucional do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) encontra-se em processo de rompimento, forjando um outro "regime de integralidade e de universalidade", que se pode visualizar no fato do SUS estar em trânsito de institucionalidades e na transformação da saúde de direito, em um deslocamento reducionista, para o campo do direito do consumidor.

Abstract Regionalization is a strategy of organization and integration of services in national health systems, in a path to be followed toward comprehensiveness and universal access. However, its principles are still invisible in Brazilian society, and the forms of management in health regions are questioned, as well as its actual effects on the construction of health as a right. This article is dedicated to such questioning and falls as a production aiming to denature processes and enable the emergence of events put into invisibility because of the "discursive formations" of health regionalization. This study comprises the regionalization process of Ceará's health system since the 1990s. This is a qualitative study that examines the reports of 23 state managers of health, as well as the documentary narratives related to this issue. This study aims to build "bundles of relations", articulating the subjects and institutions in the production of "knowledge-power and truth-power", according to Foucault's reference, and in dialogue with public health authors. The regionalization of Ceará points to a reform of the health sector, delegating the management and provision of services to the Social Organization and to the consortium, on procedural and productive contracting, strengthening the "entrepreneurship" of health and thus affecting the production of comprehensiveness and universality. We conclude that the Unified Health System's constitutional stratum is undergoing a breaking process, forging another "regime of comprehensiveness and universality", that can be observed in the fact that the Unified Health System is between institutionalities, and in the change from the right to health care to customer right in a reductionist shift.

Diagnóstico de problemáticas asistenciales en clínicas y hospitales de Barranquilla / Diagnosis of healthcare issues in clinics and hospital of Barranquilla

Objetivo Identificar y evaluar las principales problemáticas asistenciales en clínicas y hospitales de la ciudad de Barranquilla, Colombia. Método Estudio descriptivo aplicado a población de clínicas [23] y hospitales [5]. Se utilizó un nivel de confianza del 95 %, nivel de error del 5 % y p=0.5. El tamaño de muestra resultante para la población de clínicas y hospitales fue de 18 y 4 respectivamente. Los hospitales y clínicas fueron seleccionados aleatoriamente. Se diseñó una encuesta compuesta por 21 preguntas acerca del estado de los diferentes procesos asistenciales del sector. Los resultados se procesaron con la ayuda del software Microsoft Excel 2010. Resultados El 50 % de los hospitales manifestaron tener problemáticas en las áreas de Consulta Externa, Hospitalización y Estadística. Por su parte, el 61,1 % de las clínicas presentan dificultades en el área de Urgencias, 50 % en Intervención Quirúrgica, 50 % en Hospitalización y 38,9 % en Consulta Externa. Conclusiones El diagnóstico de problemáticas asistenciales en clínicas y hospitales de la ciudad de Barranquilla determina que si bien el proceso de hospitalización es un punto común de mejora potencial en clínicas y hospitales de la ciudad; las mayores prioridades de intervención las presentan en su orden Intervención Quirúrgica, Urgencias y Estadística.(AU)

Objective To identify and assess the main healthcare issues found in clinics and hospitals in Barranquilla. Methods Descriptive study applied on two populations: clinics [23] and hospitals [5]. A confidence level of 95 % and the alpha level of 5 % and p=0.5 were used in the study. The resulting sample size for clinics and hospitals was 18 and 4, respectively. Clinics and hospitals were randomly and a 21-question survey was designed to find out the status of the different healthcare processes in the Health Care Sector. The results were processed by using Microsoft Excel 2010 software. Results On one hand, 50 % of the hospitals expressed having problems in outpatient, hospitalization and statistical departments. On the other hand, 61.1 % of the clinics have difficulties in Emergency rooms, 50 % in Surgical Services, 50% in Hospitalization and 38.9 % in Outpatient Department. Conclusions The diagnosis regarding healthcare issues in clinics and hospitals of Barranquilla determines that although the Hospitalization process is a common point for potential improvement in both hospitals and clinics of the city, the greatest priority should be given to Surgical Services, Emergency Department and Statistical Department, due to their average intervention priority.(AU)

Barriers and facilitators to establishing a national public health observatory / Barreras y facilitadores para el establecimiento de un observatorio de salud pública nacional

OBJECTIVE: To determine what stakeholders perceive as barriers and facilitators to creating a national public health observatory (PHO) in Trinidad and Tobago. METHODS: A descriptive study was conducted based on 15 key informant interviews carried out from April to September 2013. The key informants worked within the health care sector in Trinidad and Tobago. Using a semi-structured interview guide, information was collected on knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about creating a PHO; barriers and facilitators to creating and sustaining a PHO; legal considerations; and human resource and information technology requirements. Common themes of the responses were identified. RESULTS: The majority of participants supported the development of a national PHO, recognized its value in informing their work, and indicated that a national PHO could 1) provide information to support evidence-informed decision-making for health policy and strategic planning; 2) facilitate data management by establishing data policies, procedures, and standards; 3) increase the use of data by synthesizing and disseminating information; and 4) provide data for benchmarking. However, a number of barriers were identified, including 1) the perception that data collection is not valued; 2) untimely availability of data; 3) limited data synthesis, dissemination, and utilization to inform decision-making; and 4) challenges related to the allocation of human resources and existing information technology. CONCLUSIONS: Key informants support the development of a national PHO in Trinidad and Tobago. The findings align well within the components of the conceptual framework for establishing national health observatories. A stepwise approach to establishing a national PHO in Trinidad and Tobago, beginning with structural components and followed by functional components, is recommended. A national PHO in Trinidad and Tobago could serve as a model for other countries in the Caribbean.

OBJETIVO:Determinar las barreras y los facilitadores percibidos por los interesados directos para crear un observatorio de salud pública (OSP) nacional en Trinidad y Tabago. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo basado en 15 entrevistas a informantes clave llevadas a cabo de abril a septiembre del 2013. Los informantes clave trabajaban en el sector de la atención de la salud en Trinidad y Tabago. Mediante el empleo de una guía de entrevista semiestructurada, se recopiló información sobre conocimientos, actitudes y creencias acerca de la creación de un OSP; barreras y facilitadores para crear y mantener un OSP; consideraciones legales; y necesidades en cuanto a recursos humanos y tecnología de la información. Se determinaron los temas comunes de las respuestas. RESULTADOS: La mayor parte de los participantes brindaron apoyo a la creación de un OSP nacional, reconocieron su valor para fundamentar su trabajo e indicaron que un OSP nacional podría 1) suministrar información para brindar apoyo a la toma de decisiones basada en la evidencia a efectos de política sanitaria y planificación estratégica; 2) facilitar el manejo de datos mediante el establecimiento de políticas, procedimientos y estándares de datos; 3) incrementar la utilización de los datos mediante la síntesis y la difusión de la información; y 4) proporcionar datos para la evaluación comparativa. Sin embargo, se indicaron varias barreras, incluidas 1) la percepción de que la recopilación de datos no se evalúa; 2) la inoportunidad de la disponibilidad de los datos; 3) las limitaciones en la síntesis, difusión y utilización de los datos para fundamentar la toma de decisiones; y 4) las dificultades relacionadas con la asignación de recursos humanos y de la tecnología de la información existente. CONCLUSIONES: Los informantes clave brindan apoyo al desarrollo de un OSP nacional en Trinidad y Tabago. Los resultados se alinean bien dentro de los componentes del marco conceptual para establecer observatorios de salud nacionales. Se recomienda un método progresivo para establecer un OSP nacional en Trinidad y Tabago, empezando por los componentes estructurales y siguiendo con los componentes funcionales. Un OSP nacional en Trinidad y Tabago podría servir de modelo para otros países del Caribe.

Violencia en el trabajo del sector público de la salud: una visión desde las personas trabajadoras. Bogotá, Colombia. 2011-2012 / Violence at work in the public health sector: a view from the working people. Bogotá, Colombia. 2011-2012

Antecedentes. La violencia es un reconocido problema de salud pública que penetra en las diferentes esferas de la sociedad, incluyendo el mundo del trabajo en el sector de atención a la salud, lo que requiere de políticas y acciones para su control. Objetivo. Identificar situaciones de violencia directa, estructural y cultural percibidas, en sus ámbitos laborales, por personas trabajadoras de los hospitales públicos y la Secretaría Distrital de Salud de Bogotá. Métodos. Estudio cualitativo, desde una perspectiva construccionista social, que se realizó a través de grupos focales y análisis narrativos de las correspondientes transcripciones. Resultados. La violencia estructural en el sector público de la salud se ha incrementado, desde la reforma al sistema de salud conllevando incremento en la violencia directa, al verse involucradas las personas trabajadoras de salud en la negación del derecho a la salud y en procesos de competencia e individualización de la atención; respecto a la violencia cultural, la discriminación aparece como el elemento más relevante, repercutiendo en relaciones interpersonales negativas y en violación de derechos. Conclusiones. Las reformas neoliberales al sistema de salud colombiano han generado una problemática crítica en torno a las prácticas de la salud organizadas desde el sector público y a las condiciones de contratación del personal que allí labora. Se requiere un cambio en la orientación del sistema de salud, así como la garantía de condiciones de empleo digno y decente, junto con acciones para prevenir la violencia directa hacia las personas trabajadoras de las instituciones públicas de salud en Bogotá.

Background. Violence is a recognized public health problem that affects different spheres of society, including work environment in the field of health care, which requires policies and actions for its control. Objective. To identify situations of direct, structural and cultural violence perceived in the work environments of people working in public hospitals and the District Department of Health of Bogota. Materials and methods. A qualitative study from a social constructionist perspective, through focus groups and narrative analysis of the corresponding transcripts. Results. Structural violence in the public health sector has increased since the health system reform, which has led to an increase in direct violence, getting health workers involved in the denial of the right to health and competition processes and individualization of care; with respect to cultural violence, discrimination appears as the most important element having a negative effect on interpersonal relationships and rights violations. Conclusions. The Colombian health system neoliberal reforms have caused a critical issue around health practices organized in the public sector and the employment conditions of the staff who work there. A change in the orientation of the health system is required, as well as ensuring dignified and decent conditions of employment, with direct action to prevent violence against the people working in public health institutions in Bogotá.

The youth's role in advancing the state of the Nation's Health

The health systems comprises a vast pool of individuals and organizations in both the public and private sector whose concreted (or disparate) actions define the health status of Filipinos. While Filipinos today are healthier compared to the 1990s, especially with respect to the Millennium Development Goals, challenges and gaps remain. Health disparities between sociodemographic characteristics. There also still remains a gaps even if patients do know, this does not guarantee correct consequent action. Finally, ineffective governance leads to various forms of corruption that, in turn, affect health system performance. This paper offers recommendations on how youth led organizations can help address these challenges

Curvas de aprendizaje de sumatoria acumulada (CUSUM) en procedimientos básicos de anestesia / Cumulative Sum learning curves (CUSUM) in basic anaesthesia procedures

Objetivos: Crear curvas de aprendizaje de sumatoria acumulada (CUSUM) de 6 procedimientos en anestesiología. Metodología: Evaluamos 764 intubaciones orotraqueales, 251 anestesias espinales, 189 anestesias epidurales, 143 cateterizaciones venosas subclavias, 135 cateterizaciones arteriales radiales y 100 cateterizaciones yugulares internas en 4 estudiantes de anestesiología y realizamos curvas de aprendizaje CUSUM. Resultados: En intubación orotraqueal encontramos que el 75% de los estudiantes alcanzó el 95% de éxito con la realización de 65 ± 24 casos. En anestesia espinal encontramos que el 50% de los estudiantes alcanzó el 85% de éxito con 35 casos. En A.Epi. encontramos que el 100% de los estudiantes alcanzó el 80% de éxito con 13 ± 5 casos. En cateterización venosa subclavia encontramos que el 100% de los estudiantes alcanzó el 80% de éxito con 21 ± 6 casos. En cateterización arterial radial encontramos que el 25% de los estudiantes alcanzó el 80% de éxito con 39 casos. En cateterización yugular interna no se pudo recoger suficiente información para reportar una información estadísticamente significativa. Conclusiones: Los gráficos CUSUM son herramientas que permiten realizar seguimiento y detección temprana de las variaciones en el aprendizaje psicomotor en anestesia, suministrando información significativa y ajustada a los estándares de calidad.

Objectives: To create Cumulative Sum learning curves - CUSUM - for 6 anaesthesia procedures. Methodology: We assessed 764 orotracheal intubations, 251 spinal anaesthesia procedures, 189 epidural anaesthesia procedures, 143 subclavian vein catheterizations, 135 radial artery catheterizations, and 100 internal jugular catheterizations in 4 anaesthesia residents, and developed CUSUM learning curves. Results: In endotracheal intubation we found the following: 75% of the learners achieved 95% success with 65 ± 24 cases; in spinal anaesthesia, 50% of the learners attained the 85% success rate with 35 cases; in epidural anaesthesia, 100% of the learners attained 80% success with 13 ± 5 cases; in subclavian vein catheterization, 100% of the learners reached 80% success with 21 ± 6 cases; in radial artery catheterization, 25% of the learners achieved an 80% success rate with 39 cases. For internal jugular catheterization it was not possible to collect sufficient information to report statistically significant data. Conclusions: CUSUM charts are tools that allow monitoring and early detection of changes in psychomotor learning in anaesthesia, providing meaningful information in relation to quality standards.

Financiamiento público del gasto total en salud: un estudio ecológico por países según niveles de ingreso / Public funding of the total health expenditure: an ecological study by countries according to income levels / Financiamento público da despesa total em saúde: um estudo ecológico por países por nível de renda

En las últimas décadas el gasto total en salud (GTS) ha aumentado tanto en las economías desarrolladas como en las emergentes. El presente trabajo es un estudio ecológico descriptivo y mixto. Tomando una muestra de 192 países agrupados por niveles de ingresos, se analizó: i) los patrones de financiamiento público del GTS, ii) la proporción que representó el gasto público en salud en los gastos generales de gobierno, y iii) la hipótesis de Globerman y Vining referida a la existencia de una correlación negativa entre el financiamiento público y el GTS como porcentaje del PBI. Los resultados muestran que los gobiernos que más se involucran en el sector salud poseen en promedio un GTS per cápita más alto. Asimismo, la relación entre financiamiento público del GTS y GTS como porcentaje del PBI es negativa y estadísticamente significativa solo en los países ricos de la OCDE y en los pobres.

Over the last decades, total health expenditure (the) has increased, not only in developed economies but also in emerging ones. This paper is a descriptive and mixed ecological study. We took a sample of 192 countries grouped by income levels, and analyzed i) the patterns of public funding of the, ii) the share of public health expenditure in the general government budgets, and iii) the Globermann and Vining hypothesis about the existence of a negative correlation between the proportion of the financed by the governments and the as a percentage of the gdp. We found that governments most involved in the health sector showed, on average, a higher per capita the. We also found that the relationship between public funding of the and the the as a percentage of gdp is negative and statistically significant only in rich oecd countries and the poor ones.

Nas últimas décadas a despesa total em saúde (DTS) aumentou tanto nas economias desenvolvidas como nas emergentes. O presente trabalho é um estudo ecológico descritivo e misturado. Tomando uma amostra de 192 países agrupados por nível de renda, foram analisados: i) os padrões de financiamento público do DTS, ii) a proporção que representou a despesa pública em saúde nas despesas gerais de governo, e iii) a hipótese de Globerman e Vining referida à existência de uma correlação negativa entre financiamento público e DTS como porcentagem do PBI. Os resultados demostram que os governos que mais estão envolvidos com o setor da saúde possuem em média um DTS per capita mais alto. Além disso, a relação entre financiamento público do DTS e DTS como porcentagem do PBI é negativa e estatisticamente significativa apenas nos países ricos da OCDE e nos pobres.

Dimension política de las decisiones en salud pública, Bogotá D.C., 2012-2013 / Political Dimension of Public Health Decisions - Bogotá DC, 2012-2013 / Dimensão política das decisões de saúde pública, Bogotá DC, 2012-2013

Este artículo analiza la dimensión política de las decisiones en salud publica en la ciudad de Bogotá D.C. (2012-2013), dentro del contexto del Sistema General de Seguridad Social en Salud (SOSSS). Se exploró lo consagrado en la Constitución Política de Colombia de 1991, describiendo las condiciones del Estado social de derecho, el proceso de descentralización del sector salud, el surgimiento y evolución del SOSSS y el lugar de la SP dentro de dicho sistema. Los hallazgos recogen elementos centrales de documentos de políticas públicas, que dejan ver tendencias del entorno político, económico y social en el ámbito local, relacionadas con la toma de decisiones en SP. Se destacan algunos progresos de la institucionalidad en la concepción de la salud como un derecho. No obstante, se requiere seguir avanzando en la administración del sistema de salud y en la gestión idónea, eficaz y transparente de las acciones en salud pública.

This article analyzes the political dimension of decisions on public health in Bogotá DC (2012-2013) within the context of the General Social Security System (soss). Was explored as enshrined in the Constitution of Colombia of 1991, including the terms of the rule of law, decentralization of the health sector, the emergence and evolution of SOSSS and place of the Public Health within that system. The findings contained core elements of public policy documents, which show trends of political, economic and social environment at the local level, related to decision -making in SP. Some progress of institutions highlighted in the concept of health as a right, however, further progress is required in the administration of the health system and the ideal, efficient and transparent management of public health actions.

Este artigo analisa a dimensão política das decisões sobre a saúde pública em Bogotá DC (2012-2013) no contexto do Sistema Geral de Previdência Social (soss). Foi explorado como consagrado na Constituição da Colômbia de 1991, incluindo os termos do Estado de Direito, a descentralização do setor da saúde, o surgimento e evolução da SOSSS e local da SP dentro desse sistema. Os resultados contidos elementos centrais de documentos de política pública, que mostram as tendências do ambiente político, económico e social a nível local, relacionados com a SP-tomada de decisão. Algum progresso das instituições se o conceito de saúde como um direito. No entanto, são necessários progressos suplementares na administração do sistema de saúde e de gestão ideal, eficiente e transparente das ações de saúde pública.